General characteristics of included studies
Study | Group | Age (mean ± SD, y) |
Sex (M/F, n) |
Onset | Intervention | Supplier | Duration | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wolfe et al. [7] | Exp | 72.0 ± 12.0 | 10/13 | Subacute (3 mo) |
Home-based OT, PT, and ST (not reported) | PT, OT, ST | 60 min (PT 20 min + OT 20 min + ST 20 min) × 7 d × 12 wk | 5-MWT CSI FAST HADS NHP MBI Motricity MMES RADL |
Con | 76.0 ± 7.04 | 8/12 | Usual community care | Not reported | 7 d × 12 wk | |||
Nadeau et al. [8] | Exp | 62.6 ± 13.3 | 65/61 | Subacute (2 mo) |
Home-based PT (progressive flexibility, range of motion, upper-and lower-extremity strength, coordination, and static, and dynamic balance exercises) | PT | 90 min × 3 d × 16 wk | 10-MWT 6MWT BBS FMA IADL SIS Step activity monitor |
Con | 63.3 ± 12.5 | 74/69 | Usual care | PT | 90 min × 3 d × 16 wk | |||
Malagoni et al. [9] | Exp | 62.5 ± 13.8 | 4/2 | Chronic (74.4 ± 42.0 mo) |
Home-based test in-train out program (semi-personalized walking training) | PT | 210 min × 6 d × 10 wk | 6MWT PF SCT TUG |
Con | 70.7 ± 9.0 | 5/1 | Chronic (81.6 ± 49.2 mo) |
Standard group program (endurance, balance, muscle strength, and flexibility training) | PT | 60 min × 3 d × 10 wk | ||
Chen et al. [10] | Exp | 66.5 ± 12.1 | 18/9 | Chronic (25.0 ± 5.6 mo) |
Home-based tele-supervising rehabilitation (the portable muscle electricity biofeedback instrument) + the Bobath, PNF, and OT | PT, OT | 120 min × 7 d × 12 wk | BBS CSI MBI RMS |
Con | 66.2 ± 12.3 | 15/9 | Chronic (26.9 ± 4.7 mo) |
Conventional rehabilitation therapy + the Bobath, PNF, and OT | PT, OT | 120 min × 7 d × 12 wk | ||
Vahlberg et al. [11] | Exp | 72.6 ± 5.5 | 27/7 | Chronic (12–36 mo) |
Home based progressive resistance and balance training | PT | 75 min × 3 d × 12 wk | 6MWT 10-MWT BBS EQ-5D FES GDS-20 SPPB PASE |
Con | 73.7 ± 5.3 | 24/9 | Chronic (12–36 mo) |
Regular community care | PT | 12 wk | ||
Nordin et al. [12] | Exp | 60.3 ± 3.4 | 34/11 | Chronic (17.3 ± 4.1 mo) |
Home-based carer-assisted program (physical activities, domestic tasks, cognitive, brain stimulating activities, and leisure activities) | PT | 45–60 min × 3 d × 12 wk (physical activities) 45–60 min × 1d × 12 wk |
BBS EQ-5D EQ-VAS RMI TUG |
Con | 59.4 ± 3.3 | 36/10 | Chronic (12.4 ± 2.0 mo) |
Hospital-based group therapy | PT | 120 min × 1 d × 12 wk | ||
Chen et al. [13] | Exp | 55.4 ± 6.8 | 41/18 | Subacute (3.4 ± 0.8 mo) |
Conventional rehabilitation therapy + nurse-guided home-based rehabilitation (lower joint stretching, strengthening, and balance training) | Nurse | 30 min × 3 d × 12 wk + 30 min × 1 d × 12 wk | 10-MWT (gait speed, step size) BI FMA MAS |
Con | 56.4 ± 6.1 | 44/18 | Subacute (3.2 ± 0.8 mo) |
Conventional rehabilitation therapy (strengthening the lower limb muscle groups with exercises) | Nurse | Not reported | ||
Lim et al. [14] | Exp | 70.1 ± 6.5 | 5/4 | Chronic (62.8 ± 8.0 mo) |
Home-based rehabilitative program and tele-rehabilitative service (coordination exercises for the lower extremities and augmented feedback) | PT | 30 min × 5 d × 6 wk | 10-MWT (comfortable, fast) F8WT (speed, step) SF-36 PCS MCS |
Con | 68.6 ± 9.1 | 5/3 | Chronic (45.1 ± 12.1 mo) |
Clinic-based exercise | PT | 30 min × 5 d × 6 wk | ||
Aphiphaksakul and Siriphorn [15] | Exp | 59.4 ± 11.1 | 10/6 | Subacute (1.5 ± 0.6 mo) |
Home-based rehabilitative program (sitting balance training and smartphone inclinometer application) + conventional rehabilitation therapy | PT | 30 min × 5 d × 4 wk (home-rehabilitation program) + 30 min × 5 d × 4 wk (conventional rehabilitation therapy) | BI FIST PASS |
Con | 59.4 ± 10.8 | 9/7 | Subacute (1.3 ± 0.6 mo) |
Conventional rehabilitative therapy | PT | 60 min × 5 d × 4 wk | ||
Jarbandhan et al. [16] | Exp | 61.6 ± 9.1 | 13/17 | Chronic (> 6 mo) |
Home-based physiotherapy program (stair climbing, sit-to-stand exercise, walking, and family education) | PT | 70 min × 3 d × 4 wk (supervised phase) AND 70 min × 3 d × 4 wk (tele-supervised phase) | 6MWT BBS DASH ESES HG UE strength |
Con | 62.2 ± 9.1 | 9/11 | Chronic (> 6 mo) |
Usual community care | PT | Not reported | ||
Mao et al. [17] | Exp | 54.8 ± 10.6 | 15/3 | Chronic (≥ 12 mo) |
Home-based rehabilitative program (daily walking and simple gait exercises) | PT | 120 min × 7 d × 3 wk | BBS FMA-lower Vicon (3D motion) |
Con | 52.3 ± 9.2 | 16/3 | Chronic (≥ 12 mo) |
Transcutaneous peroneal nerve stimulator while walking | PT | 120 min × 7 d × 3 wk |
Exp, experimental group; Con, control group; OT, occupational therapy; PT, physical therapy; ST, speech therapy; 5-MWT, 5-meter walking test; CSI, Caregiver Strain Index; FAST, Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; NHP, Nottingham Health Profile; MBI, Modified Barthel Index; MMES, Mini-Mental State Examination; RADL, Rivermead Activities of Daily Living; 10-MWT, 10-meter walking test; 6MWT, 6-minute walking test; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; FMA, Fugl-Meyer assessment; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; SIS, Stroke Impact Scale; PF, physical functioning; SCT, stair climb test; TUG, timed up and go test; RMS, root mean square; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5D; EQ-VAS, EuroQol-Visual Analogue Scale; GDS, Global Deterioration Scale; SPPB, short physical performance battery; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; RMI, Rivermead Mobility Index; BI, Bathel Index; MAS, Modified Ashworth Scale; F8WT, figure-of-8 walk test; SF-36, Short Form Survey-36; PCS, pressure core sampler; MCS, muscle condition score; FIST, function in sitting test; DASH, disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand; ESES, exercise self-efficacy scale; HG, handgrip strength; SD, standard deviation; M, male; F, female; PNF, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation; FES, falls efficacy scale; PASS, postural assessment scale for stroke; 3D, three-dimensional; UE, upper extremity.