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Phys. Ther. Korea 2024; 31(1): 72-78
Published online April 20, 2024
https://doi.org/10.12674/ptk.2024.31.1.72
© Korean Research Society of Physical Therapy
Rotation Control of Shoulder Joint During Shoulder Internal Rotation: A Comparative Study of Individuals With and Without Restricted Range of Motion
Min-jeong Chang1,2 
, PT, BPT, Jun-hee Kim2 , PT, PhD, Ui-jae Hwang2 , PT, PhD, Il-kyu Ahn1,2 , PT, BPT, Oh-yun Kwon2,3 , PT, PhD
1Department of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, 2Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis Laboratory, 3Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
Correspondence to: Oh-yun Kwon
E-mail: kwonoy@yonsei.ac.kr
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-768X
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background: Limitations of shoulder range of motion (ROM), particularly shoulder internal rotation (SIR), are commonly associated with musculoskeletal disorders in both the general population and athletes. The limitation can result in connective tissue lesions such as superior labrum tears and symptoms such as rotator cuff tears and shoulder impingement syndrome. Maintaining the center of rotation of the glenohumeral joint during SIR can be challenging due to the compensatory scapulothoracic movement and anterior displacement of the humeral head. Therefore, observing the path of the instantaneous center of rotation (PICR) using the olecranon as a marker during SIR may provide valuable insights into understanding the dynamics of the shoulder joint.
Objects: The aim of the study was to compare the displacement of the olecranon to measure the rotation control of the humeral head during SIR in individuals with and without restricted SIR ROM.
Methods: Twenty-four participants with and without restricted SIR ROM participated in this study. The displacement of olecranon was measured during the shoulder internal rotation control test (SIRCT) using a Kinovea (ver. 0.8.15, Kinovea), the 2-dimensional marker tracking analysis system. An independent t-test was used to compare the horizontal and vertical displacement of the olecranon marker between individuals with and without restricted SIR ROM. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: Vertical displacement of the olecranon was significantly greater in the restricted SIR group than in the control group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the horizontal displacement of the olecranon (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that individuals with restricted SIR ROM had significantly greater vertical displacement of the olecranon. The results suggest that the limitation of SIR ROM may lead to difficulty in rotation control of the humeral head.
Keywords: Glenohumeral joint center of rotation, Rotation control of the humeral head, Shoulder internal rotation, Shoulder joint
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Original Article
Phys. Ther. Korea 2024; 31(1): 72-78
Published online April 20, 2024 https://doi.org/10.12674/ptk.2024.31.1.72
Copyright © Korean Research Society of Physical Therapy.
Rotation Control of Shoulder Joint During Shoulder Internal Rotation: A Comparative Study of Individuals With and Without Restricted Range of Motion
Min-jeong Chang1,2 , PT, BPT, Jun-hee Kim2 , PT, PhD, Ui-jae Hwang2 , PT, PhD, Il-kyu Ahn1,2 , PT, BPT, Oh-yun Kwon2,3 , PT, PhD
1Department of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, 2Kinetic Ergocise Based on Movement Analysis Laboratory, 3Department of Physical Therapy, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
Correspondence to:Oh-yun Kwon
E-mail: kwonoy@yonsei.ac.kr
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-768X
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background: Limitations of shoulder range of motion (ROM), particularly shoulder internal rotation (SIR), are commonly associated with musculoskeletal disorders in both the general population and athletes. The limitation can result in connective tissue lesions such as superior labrum tears and symptoms such as rotator cuff tears and shoulder impingement syndrome. Maintaining the center of rotation of the glenohumeral joint during SIR can be challenging due to the compensatory scapulothoracic movement and anterior displacement of the humeral head. Therefore, observing the path of the instantaneous center of rotation (PICR) using the olecranon as a marker during SIR may provide valuable insights into understanding the dynamics of the shoulder joint.
Objects: The aim of the study was to compare the displacement of the olecranon to measure the rotation control of the humeral head during SIR in individuals with and without restricted SIR ROM.
Methods: Twenty-four participants with and without restricted SIR ROM participated in this study. The displacement of olecranon was measured during the shoulder internal rotation control test (SIRCT) using a Kinovea (ver. 0.8.15, Kinovea), the 2-dimensional marker tracking analysis system. An independent t-test was used to compare the horizontal and vertical displacement of the olecranon marker between individuals with and without restricted SIR ROM. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: Vertical displacement of the olecranon was significantly greater in the restricted SIR group than in the control group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the horizontal displacement of the olecranon (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that individuals with restricted SIR ROM had significantly greater vertical displacement of the olecranon. The results suggest that the limitation of SIR ROM may lead to difficulty in rotation control of the humeral head.
Keywords: Glenohumeral joint center of rotation, Rotation control of the humeral head, Shoulder internal rotation, Shoulder joint
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Table 1 . Characteristics of study participants (N = 24).
Variable Restricted SIR group
(n = 12)Control group
(n = 12)p-value Age (y) 33.33 ± 9.32 32.67 ± 7.61 0.849 Height (cm) 171.50 ± 6.02 168.83 ± 9.06 0.405 Body mass (kg) 68.08 ± 11.25 65.50 ± 11.45 0.583 SIR ROM (°) 28.03 ± 7.82 70.56 ± 7.81 < 0.05 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. SIR, shoulder internal rotation; ROM, range of motion..
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Table 2 . Comparison of displacement of olecranon between two groups (N = 24).
Displacement of rotation control Restricted SIR group (n = 12) Control group (n = 12) p-value Effect size HD (cm) 3.74 ± 1.50 3.76 ± 1.56 0.982 0.01 VD (cm) 7.77 ± 1.75 3.17 ± 0.99 < 0.001* 3.24 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. SIR, shoulder internal rotation; HD, horizontal displacement; VD, vertical displacement. *Independent t-test..